Bible

Word of the Week: Inspiration

Today’s word of the week is inspiration. This is the doctrine relating how God inspired the human authors to write Scripture. Today’s post will explore inspiration from several biblical texts and highlight five different theories of inspiration. Next week, we will explore a related topic: inspiration as it relates to the manuscripts of the Bible. We are still under the doctrine of special revelation, and our next several posts will unpack various elements of special revelation.

Inspiration means “God-breathed.” We get that word specifically from 2 Timothy 3:15.

All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work.

2 Timothy 3:15-16 (emphasis mine)

Paul made the argument to Timothy that God inspired all Scripture. At first glance, we would note that Paul was likely referring to the Old Testament Scriptures specifically. So what about the New Testament?

In 1 Timothy 5:18, Paul quoted both Old and New Testaments.

For the Scripture says, “You shall not muzzle an ox when it treads out the grain,” and, “The laborer deserves his wages.” 

1 Timothy 5:18 (emphasis mine)

In this verse, Paul quotes both Deuteronomy 25:4 and Luke 10:7.

“You shall not muzzle an ox when it is treading out the grain.

Deuteronomy 25:4

And remain in the same house, eating and drinking what they provide, for the laborer deserves his wages. Do not go from house to house.

Luke 10:7

Paul identifies both the Old and New Testament texts as Scripture. Peter does something similar with Paul’s writings in 2 Peter.

And count the patience of our Lord as salvation, just as our beloved brother Paul also wrote to you according to the wisdom given him, as he does in all his letters when he speaks in them of these matters. There are some things in them that are hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other Scriptures.

2 Peter 3:15-16 (emphasis mine)

The bottom line is that Scripture (both New and Old Testament) claim to be inspired by God. This means that while the human author (around 40 in the 66 books of the Bible) penned the words of the Bible, each author was inspired by God to write the book. Ultimately then, God is the author of Scripture.

The assertion that God inspired the Scriptures brings us to the question of how the Scriptures are inspired. There are several theories of the doctrine of inspiration that have been suggested.

Here are five theories of inspiration:

  • Intuition—Authors had a a high degree of insight. In this theory, inspiration is essentially based on the natural abilities or genius of the Bible writer.
  • Illumination—The Holy Spirit heightened the authors experiences/insights. In this theory, the illumination of the Holy Spirit different only in degree and not in kind from the Holy Spirit’s work in all believers.
  • Dynamic—Combined the divine and human elements in the writing of Scripture. In this theory, the writers personal characteristics came through in cooperation with the Spirit’s guidance.
  • Verbal—The Holy Spirit guided the thoughts of the writers to pen specific words. This theory has also been called the plenary verbal inspiration theory reflecting the idea that every word of the original autographs was inspired by God.
  • Dictation—God dictated the passages of Scripture. This theory suggests the Holy Spirit speaking the words (dictating them) into the minds of the authors as they wrote them down.

It appears to me that the Intuition, Illumination, and Dictation theories are either insufficient or inconsistent. The first two theories leave too much room for the human authors, and open the door for questioning the inerrancy of Scripture or adding to Scripture (continued revelations that equate to the Bible). The Dictation theory makes the doctrine of inspiration too mechanical and doesn’t really comport with the reality of authorial involvement in the writing of Scripture.

The Dynamic and Verbal theories are closely related. The primary difference is the verbal theory goes so far as to state clearly that every word has been inspired by God. I hold to the Plenary Verbal Inspiration of Scripture. This view has several implications for the follower of Jesus.

If God inspired all the Scriptures, we are accountable to them. If the One True God inspired the Bible, then we cannot ignore the truth found in them.

If God inspired all the Scriptures, then we cannot pick and choose which Scriptures to believe and apply. Part of the problem with the insufficient inspiration theories is that they tend to leave too much room for accepting or rejecting parts of Scripture based on what we like or don’t like.

If God inspired all the Scriptures, then we must allow God’s Word to convict, change, and transform us. God’s Word is not merely for our information, but for “teaching, correction, reproof and training in righteousness.” We are to apply God’s Word to our lives.

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Word of the Week: Canon (Special Revelation)

The “canon” of Scripture is a term related to special revelation. For the next several posts, the term will come underneath the subject of special revelation. Stay tuned for terms like inspiration, inerrancy, authority, sufficiency.

As a reminder, special revelation is God’s specific revelation of himself to us. The Bible is the product of God’s special revelation. In one sense, special revelation preceded the written word. Consider God speaking with Abraham and Moses. Those conversations were special revelation. That they were recorded in the Old Testament now makes them special revelation written down for generations afterward to read. Jesus Christ is also God’s special revelation of himself to us. How we know anything about God specifically comes through the words God gave us in the Bible.

So, what is the Bible? We are going to try to answer this question over the course of this post and subsequent posts.

The Bible is the Word of God, special revelation, that addresses God, us, and redemption. It is made up of 66 books over 1500 years with 40 different authors. 

The term “canon” means “straight rod.” Canon carries with it the idea of the “rule of faith.” This means that the canon of the Bible (66 books in total, 39 in OT and and 27 in NT) provide the rule of faith that guides our practice as followers of Jesus. 

In one sense there are 2 canons—the Old Testament and the New Testaement. The Old Testament was the rule of faith under God’s original covenant with Abraham. As the Word of God, it still holds validity and importance. We cannot ignore or modify the words of God according to our wants and wishes.

You shall not add to the word that I command you, nor take from it, that you may keep the commandments of the Lord your God that I command you.

God, through Moses in Deuteronomy 4:2

“Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them.” 

Jesus, in Matthew 5:17

However, because of the New Covenant inaugurated by Jesus, the OT does not function as our primary “rule of faith.” That belongs to the NT. We are to interpret the OT in light of the NT. In so doing, we discover the importance of the law, prophets, and writings as foreshadowing Jesus and the gospel and filling in important aspects of God’s character and nature.

The OT canon came down from Hebrew Scriptures, translated into the Septuagint (the OT in Greek language), and was used and adopted by the earliest Christians. As early as 170 AD (outside of the NT testimony), Melito of Sardis wrote about the OT list of books. Other early Christians like Origen, Athanasius, and Augustine had similar lists (occasionally referring to an additional book or including an OT book within another one: Ezra/Nehemiah, Jeremiah/Lamentations).

The NT canon was adopted prior to the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD. Criteria for NT books being included in the canon are as follows:

Apostolic authority. Authorship must be an apostle or someone writing from the perspective of an apostle. This criteria also relates to dates within the first century. Writings claimed to be written by an apostle, but obvioulsy written in the second century and beyond were never accepted by the church at large.

Orthodoxy. The books must conform to orthodox positions regarding Christ and God. Some writings claimed authorship by apostles, but their views were not orthodox. Heretical views, such as advocated in Gnosticism or other heresies were excluded from the canon.

Catholicity. The books of the NT had to be accepted by the church universal: in time, geography, and people. Obviously, this criterion does not require every single congregation in the early church to affirm canonicity, but it does require universal or general acceptance. For example, a single congregation’s acceptance of a letter/book would not be sufficient for inclusion in the canon. The 27 books of the NT were being used as a “rule of faith” for the church prior to Nicea. At Nicea, the council affirmed what the church had already accepted. 

These criteria guided the early church to canonize the 27 books of our NT. Some may question the process of canonization. But if God can inspire Scripture (2 Timothy 3:15), then he can certainly guide the process of canonization. We will explore the doctrine of inspiration in subsequent posts.

In the canon of Scripture, we have the foundation documents of Christianity, the charter of the church, the title-deeds of faith. For no other literature can such a claim be made. And when the claim is made, it is made not merely for a collection of ancient writings. In the words of Scripture, the voice of the Spirit of God continues to be heard. Repeatedly, new spiritual movements have been launched by the rediscovery of the living power which resides in the canon of Scripture—a living power which strengthens and liberates.

F. F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture, 283.

F. F. Bruce connects canonicity to a foundational truth. The Bible is powerful and authoritative. It is life-changing and redemptive. This does not surprise the Christian, for if the Bible is the Word of God, it should be life-changing and redemptive.

What does it mean to have a canon of Scripture for believers today? Here are several takeaways for todays’ word of the week:

  • We don’t get to adjust the Bible; we must adjust to the Bible. (Deut. 4:2; Rev. 22:18)
  • If we can trust that the Bible is inspired and the canon came from God, we can trust the Bible. 
  • If we can trust the Bible, then the Bible is our authority for life and practice. 

One of the primary reasons for these theological word of the week posts is to connect theological truths to daily Christian living. If the Bible is God’s special revelation of himself to us, then it is authoritative in our lives. We must learn from it, submit to it, and apply it.

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